Gastritis: Symptoms, Forms, Causes and Treatment

In short: Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach lining that can cause anything from sudden acute pain to vague, long-term discomfort. The most common chronic form is caused by Helicobacter pylori. Identifying the cause early — often with a simple test — is the first step toward relief.

At a glance: key gastritis facts

• Inflammation: gastritis is inflammation of the protective stomach mucosa.
• Forms: it occurs in acute (sudden) or chronic (long-term — Types A, B, C and D) forms.
• Common symptoms: heartburn, stomach pain, bloating, nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite.
• Common causes: Helicobacter pylori infection, prolonged stress, NSAID painkillers, and alcohol or smoking.
• Detection: home stool or blood tests for H. pylori, and gastroscopy for a formal diagnosis.
• Why it matters: identifying the cause is crucial, as chronic gastritis can lead to complications like ulcers.

What is gastritis?

Gastritis describes an inflammation of the stomach lining. This lining acts as a protective coat and produces gastric acid needed for digestion. Gastric acid helps break down food and neutralises many pathogens thanks to its acidic pH.

When the stomach lining is weakened or acid production is excessive, the acid attacks the mucosal cells, resulting in gastritis.

Acute gastritis: symptoms and immediate causes

Acute gastritis is usually sudden and noticeable. Symptoms often include severe stomach pain (sometimes radiating to the back), nausea and vomiting. Other indicators include:

• sensitivity to pressure in the abdominal area
• loss of appetite and bloating
• heartburn or acid regurgitation

Triggers for acute inflammation

The primary cause is often a spike in stomach acid production, triggered by:

• prolonged stress and nicotine (smoking)
• excessive alcohol or coffee consumption
• spicy and greasy foods
• regular use of anti-inflammatory painkillers (NSAIDs) such as aspirin

Chronic gastritis: the silent risk

Chronic gastritis is widespread — affecting nearly half of the population over 50 in Western countries. Unlike the acute form, it often presents with vague symptoms or none at all, making it hard to detect without proactive testing.

Classification of chronic gastritis

• Type A (autoimmune): a rare hereditary condition where the immune system attacks the stomach lining.
• Type B (bacterial): the most common form (80–90% of cases), caused by the Helicobacter pylori bacterium.
• Type C (chemical-toxic): caused by long-term medication use or bile reflux.
• Type D (diverse): rare causes such as Crohn's disease.

Helicobacter pylori: why early testing matters

The Helicobacter pylori bacterium is responsible for most chronic gastritis cases. It nests in the gastric mucosa and disrupts natural acid regulation. Because it often remains undetected, home testing is a useful first step if you have recurring stomach discomfort.

Home testing for H. pylori

Treatment and management

Management depends on the type and cause of the inflammation. For Type B (bacterial) gastritis, early diagnosis and medical treatment are key to preventing ulcers — your doctor will usually prescribe antibiotics together with acid-reducing medication.

• Lifestyle adjustments: avoid coffee, alcohol and nicotine; favour gentle foods.
• Soothing habits: herbal teas (chamomile, fennel) and relaxation techniques such as yoga may help comfort.

FAQ: gastritis and stomach health

Source of text: sodbrennen.de